SUMMARIES
A.O. Titova
Reasons for Gender Occupational Segregation in the Labor Market: Literature Review
The article analyzes studies on the phenomenon of gender occupational segregation in the labor market. A detailed review of theoretical works aimed at explaining the reasons for choosing certain gender-dominated professions is given. A brief review of empirical work mainly confirms the theoretical conclusions, which boil down to the fact that the different position of women and men in the labor market is a reflection of social attitudes. According to the theory of identity, women will dominate in professions that correspond to female social prescriptions, the observance of which reduces individual psychological costs. According to human capital theory, societal attitudes lead women to underinvest in education and experience and, as a result, they are concentrated in professions with lower wages. Compensating difference theory states that the family responsibilities division leads women to choose occupations with flexible working conditions and relatively low pay. According to the dual labor market theory, there is a «primary» and a «secondary» sector that differ in terms of wages and working conditions. At the same time, one sector consists of typically «female» professions, and the other — of «male» ones. Segmentation can be influenced by both differences in human capital and discriminatory behavior of employers (overcrowding hypothesis). Employers with prejudice exclude women from traditionally «male» professions, which leads to their overcrowding in other professions and reduces wages in them due to the increase in supply.
Keywords: gender segregation; wage gap; labor market; preferences; identity; professional choice
Lei Liu
Construction & Application of World Quality of Life Modernization Indicator System
Modernization is not only a world phenomenon, but also a civilization progress and a development goal. The quality of life modernization is an important part of world modernization. In 2017, the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward: the people’s aspiration for a better life is always our goal. Quality of life is a comprehensive index to measure the level of a better life, and quality of life modernization is the only way to improve and realize people’s better life. Given this, our China Centre for Modernization Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences focused on the quality of life, systematically analyzed the development trend of the quality of life in the world from the perspective of quantitative analysis and real life, and rationally discussed the strategic choice of the modernization of the quality of life in China. Some research results have been published in China Modernization Report 2019. In this paper, we would give a brief introduction of construction and application of world quality of life modernization indicator system.
Keywords: quality of life; modernization; indicator system; world.
M.S. Betina, E.A. Vorobyov, A.I. Zenkov, V.S. Stankevich
The Impact of the Introduction of the Digital Ruble on the Balance Sheet Structure, Liquidity and Income of Commercial Banks
One of the main vectors for the development of the digital asset market is the development of a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The introduction of a digital ruble may entail risks to financial stability associated with changes in the structure of banks' balance sheets due to the flow of funds into the digital ruble. The flow of customer funds into the digital ruble may affect the liquidity and profitability indicators of banks, since in conditions of increased outflow of customer funds, banks will need a larger volume of highly liquid assets to cover expected cash outflows and comply with liquidity standards. In foreign practice, the LCR (liquidity coverage ratio) indicator is used as a metric for covering outflows from the passive part of the balance sheet with liquid assets; in Russia, the N26 standard (NKL), which is very close in nature to the LCR, is used. Accordingly, in the event of an outflow of (stable) client funds and the continued need to comply with regulatory requirements in terms of liquidity, banks will have to change the funding structure and look for alternative sources of attraction. In addition, in an environment of rising funding costs, in order to maintain the same level of net interest margin, banks may need to increase the margin on existing products.
Keywords: digital currencies; bank liquidity; bank profitability; scenario analysis.
G.I. Penikas
Heterogeneity in the Transfer of the Key Rate to Retail Rates on Loans and Deposits Across Russian Regions
High rate dispersion erodes the effectiveness of monetary policy. Therefore, it is important to understand how this spread changes and what determines it. In this work, it was shown for the first time that the spread of rates on loans to citizens is high, and on deposits and consumer loans began to grow with the key rate from mid-2023, primarily due to a slower rise in the lower limit of deposit rates than the upper limit. Moreover, it was shown that the characteristics of banks are least determined by the spread of deposits not insured in the insurance system (CIS) and mortgages. At the same time, for a mortgage the spread is greater the longer the term and the larger the loan size.
Keywords: ECM; ARDL; IRPT; ODCP; key rate; monetary policy; Russia; inflation targeting.
- Lebiodkina, Muhammad Ehtisham Ul Haq, E. Markovskaya, Shola Kolawole Ojo
Brand Awareness in Times of Foreign Divestments: Case of Fashion and Food Industries in Russia
The article investigates brand awareness and foreign divestments decisions in the Russian food and fashion industries in the presence of economic sanctions. The study aims to analyze the phenomenon of divestment, both on the part of companies (how divestments took place, how they differ from company to company, and why this happened) and the part of consumers (how the new positioning has affected the awareness of the brand, its recognition and its attractiveness). Two companies from the food industry were analysed: McDonald’s (with the brand Vkusno i Tochka after the divestment) and Coca-Cola (with the brand Dobry Cola after the divestment), as well as another from the fashion industry: LPP Group (with the brands Re, M, Sin, XC after the divestment). The study contributes to the literature on foreign divestments and brand awareness. Specifically, it advances our understanding of how foreign-owned companies existed the Russian market during the current economic sanctions, and how the consumers reacted to the new brands that replaced them. The analysis of the brand awareness survey reveals that companies used either disinvestment (starvation) strategy or sell-off (divestiture) strategy. Further, the study documents evidence that following the exit of the foreign-owned companies from the Russian markets, succeeding companies suffered a fall in brand loyalty and customer satisfaction to their corresponding original brands. The results of the analysis provide insights into the perceptions that consumers have with selected brands that are valuable for brand managers and scholars.
Keywords: divestments; brand awareness; food industry; fashion industry.
I.N. Lvova
Visual Accounting: From Analytical Map to Cinematograph (Late 19th — Early 20th centuries)
The article examines the history of accounting from an aspect that lends particular relevance to the historical excursus. The author turns to the origins of a visual representation of the subject of accounting and analyses various approaches to its visualisation, including those based on the use of technical teaching aids. The historical analysis focuses mainly on methodological and scientific aspects. The article relies on sources that are not involved in modern scientific dissemination or are mentioned but not analysed in the context of the chosen topic. The study has shown that a visual representation of the main categories of accounting — accounts and balance sheet — implies a rethinking of their nature. The interpretations of accounting categories proposed by K. Dewton and V.D. Belov are of modern significance. The first is the theoretical basis for the formalisation of accounting knowledge, the second is the representation of accounting through cinema.
Keywords: visual accounting; accounts; balance sheet; analytical chart; magic lantern; cinema.